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My Lai Massacre
The Mỹ Lai Massacre ((ベトナム語:thảm sát Mỹ Lai) (:tʰɐ̃ːm ʂɐ̌ːt mǐˀ lɐːj), ; , , or )〔At the time of the original revelations of the massacre, Mỹ Lai was pronounced like the English words "my lay". Later, the pronunciation "me lie" became commonly used.〕 was the Vietnam War mass killing of between 347 and 504 unarmed civilians in South Vietnam on March 16, 1968. It was committed by U.S. Army soldiers from the Company C of the 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, 11th Brigade of the 23rd (Americal) Infantry Division. Victims included men, women, children, and infants. Some of the women were gang-raped and their bodies mutilated.〔(Murder in the name of war: My Lai ). ''BBC News'', July 20, 1998.〕 Twenty-six soldiers were charged with criminal offenses, but only Lieutenant William Calley Jr., a platoon leader in C Company, was convicted. Found guilty of killing 22 villagers, he was originally given a life sentence, but served only three and a half years under house arrest.
The massacre, which was later called "the most shocking episode of the Vietnam War",〔Greiner, Bernd. ''War Without Fronts: The USA in Vietnam''. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 2009.〕 took place in two hamlets of Sơn Mỹ village in Quảng Ngãi Province.〔Department of the Army. ''(Report of the Department of the Army Review of the Preliminary Investigations into the My Lai Incident )'', Volumes I-III (1970).〕 These hamlets were marked on the U.S. Army topographic maps as My Lai and My Khe.〔(Summary of Peers Report ).〕 The U.S. military codeword for the alleged Viet Cong stronghold in that area was ''Pinkville'',〔(My Lai - Letters ). 11th Light Infantry Brigade Veterans Association website.〕 and the carnage was initially referred to as the ''Pinkville Massacre''.〔(Frontline (PBS): Remember My Lai ) Originally Broadcast on May 23, 1989.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The My Lai Massacre: Seymour Hersh's Complete and Unabridged Reporting for the St. Louis Post Dispatch, November 1969 /Candide's Notebooks )〕 Later, when the U.S. Army started its investigation, the media changed it to the ''Massacre at Songmy''.〔(Ex-G.I. Says He Saw Calley Kill a Vietnamese Civilian ). ''The New York Times'', November 27, 1969.〕 Currently, the event is referred to as the ''My Lai Massacre'' in the United States and called the ''Son My Massacre'' in Vietnam.
The incident prompted global outrage when it became public knowledge in November 1969. The My Lai massacre increased to some extent〔Corley, Christopher L. ''Effects on Public Opinion Support During War or Conflict''. Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2007, p. 39.〕 domestic opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War when the scope of killing and cover-up attempts were exposed. Initially, three U.S. servicemen who had tried to halt the massacre and rescue the hiding civilians were shunned, and even denounced as traitors by several U.S. Congressmen, including Mendel Rivers, Chairman of the House Armed Services Committee. Only after thirty years were they recognized and decorated, one posthumously, by the U.S. Army for shielding non-combatants from harm in a war zone.〔(Moral Courage In Combat: The My Lai Story ). ''Lecture by Hugh Thompson''. Center for the Study of Professional Military Ethics, United States Naval Academy, 2003.〕
== Incident ==
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